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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the respiratory system. The respiratory system carries out these life-sustaining acts in close coordination with the circulatory system. Most of the time, we remain blissfully unaware of these automatic functions. The respiratory organs deliver oxygen to the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports the oxygen to all body cells. Oxygen is used by cells to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide. Thus, the circulatory system prevents the buildup of this lethal waste byproduct in the body tissues. Irreversible damage to tissues can occur if the respiratory system is halted even for a few minutes. This can cause failure of all the other body systems. The consequence is death! NOSE COMMENCES THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS The respiratory system begins from the nose. It ends in the lungs. The respiratory system is broadly divided into two parts, viz., the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. The upper respirator tract is made up of the nose and the throat (pharynx). The lower respiratory tract includes five organs. They are the voice box (larynx), and the windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs. The trachea splits into the two branches called bronchi. The bronchi further gets divided into further smaller branches called bronchioles. The lungs are a pair of spongy saclike organs. The bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and the nose transport air to and from the lungs. It is the lungs that interact with the circulatory system for delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the lungs. THE RESPIRATION PROCESS Respiration is a two-pronged process. It involves the respiratory and the circulatory systems. Respiration connotes the coordinated functioning whereby the cells are delivered oxygen and the lethal carbon dioxide is removed. The first phase: The nose begins the first phase of respiration. This is done with inhaling or inhalation (breathing in). The process brings in air along with oxygen from outside the body into the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen goes via the blood vessels to the heart. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The first phase of respiration ends with the oxygen moving into the cells from the bloodstream. The second phase: The second phase commences after the oxygen gets into the cells. The cells use the oxygen to produce energy. This independent process is called cellular respiration. It produces the byproduct -- carbon dioxide. The accumulated carbon dioxide now moves from the cells to the bloodstream. Next, the bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the heart. Then, the carbon dioxide-laden blood is pumped back to the lungs. The third phase: Again the nose comes into picture during this stage. The lungs push the byproduct to the nose from where it is exhaled or breathed out. This is the final or the third stage when the body gets rid of the carbon dioxide. At the end of the third stage or the entire respiratory cycle another one starts automatically. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system further regulates the balance of acid and base in tissues. This balancing act is crucial for the normal functioning of cells. It protects the body against disease-causing organisms and toxic substances inhaled with air. The respiratory system also houses the cells that detect smell. Moreover, the respiratory system assists in the production of sounds for speech. THE OLFACTORY NERVE The brownish olfactory nerve is also called olfactory receptors. The olfactory nerve inside the nose is the main nerve of smell. The olfactory region is made up of thick nasal soft mucous membrane. Its brownish color is because of a pigment. The olfactory nerve ends in minute varicose fibers (several small branches). These fibers ultimately conclude in the epithelial cells. Mentionably, the epithelial cells project into the nasal free surface. The olfactory nerve is the first to know of any chemicals that may enter the nasal passages. The receptors immediately trigger off a signal to the brain. This creates the smell perception. THE ESOPHAGUS Esophagus is a muscular tube. The esophagus carries food from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus and the pharynx situated behind the mouth swallow the food and move it to the stomach. The stomach temporarily stores the food, mixes it with digestive juices, and carries out some digestion. The esophagus also holds the stomach contents in place. Actually, this function is carried out by the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter is a muscle. It is located at the lower end of the esophagus. THE PHARYNX The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth with the windpipe (trachea) and the food pipe (esophagus). The pharynx is a muscular tube. The pharynx is located within the neck. The pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane. The pharynx is approximately five inches (13 cm) in length. The pharynx lies in the front of the spinal column. The upper portion of the pharynx is known as nasopharynx. The name arises as it begins in the back of the nasal cavity.. The lower part is oropharynx. It points to that area in the back of the mouth. The pharynx ends at the epiglottis. Epiglottis is a flap of cartilage. Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. However, the epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus. Two eustachian tubes connect the pharynx to the middle ear. These eustachian equalizes the eardrums air pressure. The pharynx can be infected via the mouth as well as the nose. Sore throat involves pharynx infection (pharyngitis) or throat inflammation. Pharyngitis can be due to infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and viral infections. The viral infections are German measles (rubella), influenza, and common cold. It can also be caused by bacteria like staphylococcal, streptococcal, chlamydial, and diphtherial. These bacteria multiply cause sore throat by multiplying rapidly within the pharynx. Tonsils and Adenoids Among the adults the pharynx contains the tonsils, while among the children the pharynx contains the adenoids. Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat. Tonsils form a tissue ring around the pharynx or the throat. Tonsils are cells. Tonsils are similar to the bloodstream lymphocytes. Tonsils are embedded in fibrous connective tissues. Tonsils are covered by a single epithelium layer. The lymphoid cells are phagocytic. The cells protect the pharynx from bacteria that can cause diseases. Tonsils may become inflamed and chronically or acutely infected. This condition is called tonsillitis. It is generally caused by streptococcus infection. During tonsillitis and streptococcal, the tissues surrounding the tonsils form pus. Then a whitish coat forms over the tonsils which can appear as white specks. This state is called quinsy. When the pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed they become abnormally large. They are called adenoids. Acute cases of tonsillitis are often treated by antibiotics like penicillin. Chronic recurrent tonsillitis may be treated by tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). Adenoids: Adenoids are lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat. Adenoids usually shrink and disappear by adolescence. Enlargement of this tissue is common among children. Such a state can interfere with breathing. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include restless sleep, snoring, breathing via mouth, and a nasal voice. Earlier, these tissues were removed in children. It was thought that inflamed adenoids led to recurrent colds and infections. Nowadays, this condition is recognized as benign. As a result, there are lesser adenoidectomies. THE LARYNX From the pharynx, the inhaled air moves to the larynx. The larynx is about five inches (13 cm) in length. The larynx is located in the central part of the neck. The larynx is made up of several layers of flexible but tough cartilage, a tissue. Mentionably, during puberty the males experience a protrusion of the cartilage. This enlarged prominent extension at the neck is called the Adam’s apple. FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNX The larynx primarily transports air to the wind pipe (trachea). Besides, the larynx also helps in producing the sounds. The epiglottis -- a leaflike thin tissue portion of the larynx -- further prevents the food from entering the trachea (thus obviating the possibility of choking). Moreover, the cilia cells as well as the mucous membrane of the larynx also filter air. The cilia cells take the airborne substances towards the pharynx where they are swallowed. The epiglottis: The epiglottis stem is attached to the top and the front portions of the larynx. When the epiglottis remains in a vertical position, it acts like a trap door. This happens during the breathing process. But as a person starts swallowing, a reflexive action forces the epiglottis and the larynx to move near each other toward each other. This coming closer of the epiglottis and the larynx forms a protective seal. As a result, the fluids and food are specifically sent towards the food pipe (esophagus). When the reflexive action doesn’t work: What happens when the reflexive action doesn’t function is that the food can enter the larynx. This happens when one eats the meal fats or when one laughs while swallowing. The result is that there will be a recurrent cough impelled choking effect. At times this apparently simple choking effect can even be life-threatening. The cough is the body’s reflexive action to clear the larynx of the impediment. Whenever such choking takes place, someone must thump the back portion between the shoulder blades several times. This will help the person to get over the choking effect. The Heimlich maneuver: The Heimlich maneuver clears the windpipe of obstructions like food or fluid. The first-aid providing person applies thrusts in quick and in upward motion at the patient’s abdomen. The objective is to expel the object stuck at the trachea (windpipe). Standing behind the victim, the person keeps both his arms across the patient’s waist. Then, he places the fist of one hand below the rib cage and a bit above the navel. All the while, he keeps the thumb against the patient’s body. He uses the other hand for holding the fist and for applying pressure. Next, he puts quick pressure on the abdomen. The pressure is put in an inward and an upward motion. This fast recurrent action forces the lung air to get rid of the substance blocking the windpipe. However, in cases where the patient cannot stand still, is overweight, faints following the choking effect, the Heimlich maneuver is done in a different manner. The patient is made to lie face down. The first-aid provider carries on the process with the heel of a hand. Important: Nonetheless, it is important that the person does not put undue pressure on the rib cage. This is especially true when the patient is a child or an elderly person. Too much pressure can break ribs. Pertaining to pregnant woman or overweight people, the first-aid provider must place his hands only on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum) while carrying out the maneuver. In acute choking, tracheotomy (a surgical procedure) is undertaken to carry out bypass of the larynx. This operation brings in air to the trachea. TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND BRONCHIOLES The trachea is another tube measuring approximately six inches (15 cm). The trachea is located below the larynx. From the larynx the air passes on to the trachea. About 20 sturdy C-shaped cartilage rings constitute the trachea. These rings help to keep the trachea open. In the process, air gets transported unhindered. While the unfastened cartilage is located at the trachea’s back portion, their ends are linked to each other by muscle tissues. Bronchi & bronchioles: The trachea base is situated at the portion where the neck meets the body trunk. At this juncture, the trachea splits into the right and the left bronchi. These bronchi transport air to the right and left lungs respectively. Inside the lungs, these bronchi again break up into smaller tubes -- the bronchioles. In fact, the respiratory system’s cleansing process is carried out by those bronchioles that are situated at the initial part, bronchi, and the trachea. These organs carry out the cleansing process via the mucous membrane linings as well as the ciliated cells. These cilia and the lining push the mucus upward towards the pharynx. Alveoli & capillaries: Alveoli are minute sacs inside the lungs. Most of the alveoli are lung tissues. Alveoli are formed by the bronchioles as they divide several times. The alveoli along with the bronchioles resemble a tree. The alveoli are only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) in diameter. There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung. The alveoli carry out a dual function. While providing oxygen to the circulatory system, they also remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. The thin elastic alveoli walls expand when air moves into them. The walls collapse to exhale the air. The alveoli remain in clusters like the grapes. Each cluster is surrounded by capillaries. The capillaries are thin-walled and form a dense net of tiny hairs. The alveoli wall air is generally located 0.2 microns away from the blood carried by the capillary. Mentionably, the alveoli have more oxygen concentration then the capillaries. So, oxygen disseminates to capillaries from alveoli. Through the capillaries, oxygen goes to the larger vessels. These vessels then transport the oxygenated blood to the heart. Next, the heart pumps the cleaned blood to the other parts of the body. Macrophages: Among the alveoli are interspersed many macrophages. The macrophages are blood cells. These large white cells act as the last sentinels of the respiratory system among the alveoli. The macrophages segregate the foreign elements which may have passed through the earlier filtration process. This last line of defense ensures that the alveoli are not infected. Carbon dioxide disposal: The cells from across the body dump Carbon dioxide as a waste product. It is dumped in the bloodstream. The blood carries Carbon dioxide into the heart. From the heart, the Carbon dioxide moves to the alveolar capillaries. Notably, the capillaries have more concentration of carbon dioxide than the alveoli. So, carbon dioxide gets diffused into the alveoli from the capillaries. 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KNOWING FREQUENT URINATION Frequent urination is urinating much more than is required. Frequent urination is a common problem among people suffering from problems in the prostate gland and the urethra. Frequent urination is also a symptom of many diseases. To understand the causes of frequent urination, we must first know what urination is all about. WHAT EXACTLY IS URINE? The urine is fluid made up of wastes produced within the body. Urine is transparent and yellow in color. The urine is made up of nitrogen compounds, salts, toxic wastes and excess water. URINATION Urination is a normal process of excretion. Urination excretes the toxic substances that form within our body. Urination occurs when the bladder gets filled up. Next, the receptors which are stretch sensitive get stimulated. Then the message is transmitted to the brains. During urination, the sphincter relaxes as the urine flows out from the urethra. The urge to urinate is generally quite intense. A person ready to urinate gets the relief only when he successfully expels the urine. URINE AMOUNT OF A NORMAL PERSON The approximate amount of urine daily produced by an adult body is 1.5 litres (three pints). The body needs to excrete daily not less than 0.5 litres (one pint) of these waste substances. EXCESSIVE, LESS OR FREQUENT URINATION Either state is a sure symptom of a serious dysfunction of the urinary system. Frequent urination is also a tell-tale sign of ailment. DIAGNOSING DISEASES The common method used to examine a patient’s urine for diagnosing ailments is urinalysis. If the test indicates the presence of blood sugar or glucose, it is a sign of diabetes mellitus. And, if there is the presence of bacteria in the urine, the urinary system may be having some infection. What is more, presence of blood cells in the urine is a probable sign of cancer of the urinary tract. Hence, it is important that one has a clear idea of the entire urinary system. THE URINARY SYSTEM The urinary system is constituted of the organs that produce and also secrete urine from the body. To know the causes of frequent urination, it would be first necessary to know of the organs involved in urination. Mentionably, frequent urination occurs when any (or all) of the main organs like the kidneys, the urethra, the bladder and the prostate gland does not function. THE KIDNEYS & THE BLADDER The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs. This duo produces urine by filtering substances from the blood. Urine flows from the kidneys via two thin tubes known as the ureters. Then, the ureters carry the urine to a muscular vessel called the bladder. The bladder of a normal adult has the capacity to store urine up to approximately 0.5 litres. From the bladder, the urine is excreted through the urethra tubes. THE URETHRA The urethra carries urine from the bladder to the penis. In a woman, the urethra is approximately 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in length. This is strictly a urinary passage. However, in the case of a male, the urethra is about eight inches (20 cm). The urethra in a male passes through the penis which also conveys the semen during a sexual intercourse. THE PROSTATE GLAND In the case of a male, on either sides of the urethra are located the prostrate gland and the bladder. The chestnut-shaped prostate gland secretes the prostate fluid. This fluid constitutes the major portion of the released male semen during an intercourse. The diameter of the prostate gland measures approximately 1.2 inches (three centimeters). The prostate gland is composed of muscle as well as glandular tissues. The muscle tissues aid the male ejaculation process. The glandular tissues produce the prostate fluid. This fluid keeps the semen-based sperm active and healthy. In other words, the prostate fluid helps the fertilization process. CAUSES OF FREQUENT URINATION Frequent urination may happen in person for various reasons. It may happen due to hot temperature and for hydration. The process of hydrate refers to a compound in which water is chemically combined with another compound or an element. Therefore, hydrating means to chemically combine with water. It may also refer to the cause to absorb water. The root of the word ‘hydrate’ is in French. It is related to hydro or water. PROSTATE GLAND ENLARGEMENT & FREQUENT URINATION Frequent urination is caused by prostate gland urination. The blown up prostate gland constricts the urethra. Thus the bladder is obstructed temporarily. This condition is called prostate enlargement. This happens because of the thickening of the bladder wall. This state may also lead to an intensive urge to urinate, difficulty in urination, nighttime urination. All of these are sure signs of a weak urinary system. Frequent urination coupled with excessive thirst, blurred vision, sudden loss of weight, and fatigue may be symptoms of diabetes. Frequent urination is induced when the body reacts to high glucose levels in the blood. This again leads to perennial thirst. If such a condition persists, the person should immediately consult a urologist. PROSTATE DISORDERS There are several causes of prostate disorders. Such dysfunctions afflict men of all ages. BPH (Prostatic hyperplasia): This is a benign or non-cancerous and quite a common prostate ailment. The cause of BPH is still unknown. Prostatic hyperplasia occurs in almost 80- per cent of men after they cross their 70s or 80s. In such a state, the prostate gland may grow from the normal size of 20 g (0.71 oz) to that of 150 g (5.31 oz). Mentionably, the normal size of a prostate gland in a young man is 20 g (0.71 oz). UROLOGISTS & URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS Urologists specialize in the treatment of disorders of the urinary system. Here is an overview of the different urinary system disorders. Renal failure: This is a serious disorder. Renal failure happens when the toxic substances get stored inside the body. Renal failure is caused when the system filtering blood slows down or stops working. Renal failure can be caused by acute bleeding in the post-surgery stage, drug poisoning, heart failure (congestive), injury, bacterial infection, and shock. Urologists address renal failure by first analyzing the root cause(s). The primary objective is to make the kidney function again. The methods adopted are surgery and blood transfusion. In the most severe instances, the patient may have to undergo kidney dialysis. Then, the blood is filtered mechanically. Chronic Renal Failure: This is deterioration of kidney functioning in a progressive manner. Chronic renal failure can even damage the kidneys. Chronic renal failure is caused by many ailments like myeloma (cancer), AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), lupus erythematosus, diabetes, and hypertension. Mentionably, if detected at the initial stages chronic renal failure can be slowed down but it cannot be reversed. The degenerative process can be kept under control to certain extent through various interventions. Such preventive measures are cutting down on protein and fluid intake and regularity in medication consumption. It is to be noted that proteins are the primary sources of waste products. End-stage renal failure: This is a life threatening dysfunction of the kidney. Patients suffering from end-stage renal failures need long-term dialysis and may also have to go fro kidney transplant. Urinary calculi: This disorder is popularly known as development of kidney stones. Urinary calculi build up over a period of time. These kidney stones are made up of the minerals and the crystallized salts that remain in the urine. Urinary calculi disorder of the kidney is usually accompanied by acute pain. The pain is caused when the kidney stones block the paths carrying urine. Generally, these stones move within and out of the urinary tract on their own accord. But if they fail to pass out of the body, they are surgically removed. At times, the urologists use the ultrasound technique called lithotripsy to break down the kidney stones non-surgically. Bacterial infections: They are caused by Escherichia coli – a common bacterium present in the intestines. Such bacterial infection can attack any part of the urinary system. The normal treatment is antibiotics. There are instances of such bacterial infections becoming chronic and recurrent. Bladder & Kidney Cancer: During the course of the last four decades, the incidence of people falling victim to bladder and kidney cancer has risen. The reason is the rise in the number of people leading sedentary lifestyles, and smokers. The other causative agents are obesity and environmental pollution including some industrial chemicals. Abuse of analgesics is also one of the primary causes in the rise of cancers even among the young people. The treatment for bladder and kidney cancer is removal of the cancerous tissues followed up by radiation therapy. Polycystic renal diseases: These are inherited and congenital disorders of the urinary system. These polycystic renal diseases occur when numerous cysts form in the kidney. These cysts reduce the number of those renal tissues which function. The patients would have to undergo kidney transplantation or Kidney dialysis under such circumstances. Hypospadias: This a congenital defect of the males. The urinary opening gets misplaced on the penis. The urinary opening may lie under the penis head or be located as far away as the scrotum. The immediate treatment is to go for surgery before the child reaches 24 months. 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The terms, AIDS and HIV, have been common currency for over twenty years and in many parts of the world it can seem as if the threatened crisis never happened. We do not see the drama anticipated from a mass epidemic, but you may not be aware that more than one million adults and children are living with HIV/AIDS in the United States alone. That figure is alarming but it pales in comparison with sub-Saharan Africa, where the number affected is more than 25 million adults and children. Here are some facts on AIDS and HIV that everyone needs to understand. AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: • Acquired means you can get infected with it • Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the body’s fight against disease. • Syndrome means the symptoms that make up a disease. AIDS is caused by a virus called Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). If you get infected with HIV, your body tries to fight the infection by producing “antibodies”. When you have a blood test for HIV, it looks for the presence and concentration of these antibodies. As the HIV disease continues, the immune system becomes weaker and, normally harmless viruses, bacteria and fungal infections can cause more sickness than if you had been healthy. You can get infected with the virus in a number of ways: • Having sex with an infected person • Sharing a needle with an infected person • Being born from an infected mother • Drinking human milk from an infected woman • Blood transfusion with infected blood The symptoms of HIV start with fever and headache, similar to influenza. The virus can meanwhile multiply in the body, damaging your immune system and making the recovery longer and longer. HIV later becomes AIDS, when the immune system is severely diminished with serious weight loss, brain tumours and other infections. There is no cure for AIDS. The drugs that are currently available simply slow the HIV damage to the Immune System. SAFER SEX HIV infection can be transmitted during sex via blood or sexual fluids from one infected person to another. Unsafe sex has a high risk of spreading HIV. When blood or sexual fluids touch the soft, moist mucous membranes inside the rectum, vagina, mouth, nose or at the tip of the penis, the HIV can enter the body. The use of condoms is vital to stop the spread of the HIV. Cuts, sores or bleeding gums increase the risk of being infected. Lubricants can increase sexual stimulation; but oil based lubricants like petroleum jelly, oils or creams can damage condoms and other latex barriers and make them ineffective as a barrier to infection. Oral sex has a high risk of transmitting HIV, especially if sexual fluids get in the mouth and there is bleeding, sores or mouth ulcers. Condoms without lubricants are best for oral sex. If you are not infected, sex with just one partner, who is also uninfected, is the safest way to stay healthy! penis elargement herb pennis enlargement pic cheap pennis enlargement free penis enhancement technique plastic surgery penis enlargement top rated pnis enlargement pills vimax best penis enlargement surgery penis enlargement program penis enhancement surgery cost

Fertile mucus is present in the woman’s body during the few days before ovulation, as the ova are ripening. This mucus is produced by the cervix, and flows down the vagina to the outside of the woman’s body. The purpose of the mucus is to protect and nourish the sperm on their journey to the egg. The vaginal canal is normally acid. Semen is alkaline. Sperm die in an acid environment. The fertile mucus is alkaline, like the semen, and so makes the sperm’s journey possible. Even without ejaculation, sperm are present in the small amount of fluid produced by a tiny gland called the Cowper’s gland. Cowper’s fluid leaks out of the penis during sexual activity. Therefore sperm are often present before ejaculation. The presence of sperm in the Cowper’s fluid may be one reason for the ineffectiveness of withdrawal as a method of birth control. Another reason may be the leaking of a drop of seminal fluid before withdrawal occurs. The first drop of seminal fluid may contain millions of sperm. In addition, even without penetration of the man’s penis inside the woman’s vagina, pregnancy is possible. During the woman’s fertile, wet, time, the tiny, microscopic sperm can swim from outside the vagina, into the vaginal opening, up the vagina, into the uterus, and into the fallopian tubes. There the sperm may fertilize the ovum, and pregnancy may begin. For this reason, during the woman’s fertile time, pregnancy is possible with only genital contact. This means, touching of the penis to the vaginal area.