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Question: Dr. Vaknin – is it true that you are the father of the Law of Free Economic Zones? Answer: I participated in the dedicated and professional team, from many ministries and state organs, which prepared the law. The initiative – in collaboration with the delegation of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) – belongs to Dr. Milijana Danevska, the Minister of Development. Most of the work was done by her advisor, Ms. Zorica Doncevska long before I arrived on the scene. I did suggest a few amendments, some of which were accepted. Question: What is a free zone? Answer: There is an important distinction which the media is not aware of between FREE ZONES and FREE ZONE SITES. To quote from the law: "A free zone site represents a detached, enclosed and marked area of the territory of the Republic of Macedonia on which commercial activities are conducted under conditions prescribed by this and other laws and on which custom and other tax incentives determined by this law shall be applicable." "A Free Zone shall be established as trade associations conducting economic, technical, administrative, expert and other activities supporting the operations in the free zone sites." Question: Do other countries have free zones? Answer: Dozens of other countries have free trade zones, free industrial zones, free industrial or technology parks, customs free zones, free transhipment zones and many other types of free economic zones. Our law allows for all these types of activities to exist. It is very broad and flexible and one of the best and most complete laws I have seen. As opposed to popular opinion, free zones exist even in rich countries such as the United Kingdom or the USA (although they are not called "free zones" there). It is true, though, that to poor and middle income countries, such as Macedonia, a free zone can be an important tool for economic development. Question: Why do you use such cautious language, "can be"? Answer: Because it is never enough to have a law. What matters is how it is implemented. There are free zones in countries as diverse as the Philippines, Tunisia, Costa Rica and Taiwan. In some places they are the engine of the economic locomotive, in other they are a drag on the local economy. Question: So, the critics are right, free zones can be a bad thing? Answer: The critics are wrong. Anything that has the potential of generating investments, encouraging entrepreneurship, creating new working places, enhancing exports and improving the balance of payments – should be implemented without delay. Free zones are potentially powerful economic engines of exports and growth and employment. Would it have been wise of us to ignore their potential? Question: Can't free zones be used as tax havens, for smuggling or other criminal activities? Answer: If the free zones are run by criminals AND (this is a cumulative condition) the authorities are inefficient or corrupt – of course it can. But our law is very strict on WHO will own and run the free zones. It is also very explicit about the precise functions and procedures to be performed by the authorities intended to ensure that the free zones are not abused. Free zones will be established only where and when they can increase employment, bring new technology and know how to the country and increase exports. An average of 65% of the goods and services produced in the zones MUST be exported or the developer might lose its licence. Additionally the law says that the businesses operating in the zone must use local manpower and prefer domestic suppliers where economically feasible. Question: What is the Free Zones Directorate? Answer: This is my favourite part of the law, the one I am most proud of. We introduced, for the first time in Macedonia, not only in theory, but in practice, the concept of "One Stop Shop". All the business entities in the free zone will have one address to go to. They will no longer have to run for weeks between ministries, authorities, agencies and state organs. They will get everything they need from one central authority, from one address. All the relevant ministries and state organs will be represented there, with full authority to render all the services required by the free zones users. This is unprecedented. The ministers are worthy of the highest praise for being willing to participate in such an innovative approach. The law says: "The Free Zone Directorate shall be responsible for… granting approvals of requests of developers for the establishment of free zones; provision of supervision and management of free zone sites through its branches; coordination of the activities of state organs and authorities and public enterprises within the free zone sites; planning and developing free zone sites and making sites available to developers; public relations, advertising and promotion of free zone sites; attracting developers and users to the free zone sites; registration of businesses and structures within the free zone sites; coordination of issuance of licenses, permits and approvals where and as needed, of product quality control and the issuance of certificates of origin by the members of the Directorate; Inspection of installations and working conditions within the free zone sites; convening a labour relations committee in which all labour disputes between employees and employers in the free zone sites are to be settled; the coordination of the issuance of export and import licenses; coordination of the prevention of smuggling; coordination of the safety and security of people and property in the free zones sites; Provision and maintenance of all public goods and utilities … conducting other activities associated with the functioning of free zone sites and especially the implementation of the "one stop shop" concept of management of the free zone sites; raising the required start-up capital." Question: So, from now on, any trade association can open a free zone? Answer: Absolutely not. The developer must satisfy very strict and rigorous criteria to qualify. The law demands that it "…provide written proof of their financial ability matching their financial obligations under this Law either in the form of a performance bond or a bank document substantiating the availability of unencumbered funds in their account or audited financial statements" and "demonstrate previous experience and track record in trading or in the operating of free zone sites". The developers, in their application, must provide an environmental impact assessment, a marketing plan and a business plan or a feasibility study. And the developer loses his approval if it enters bankruptcy procedures, if it is proven that he provided false material information in his request, If he failed to build and operate the free zone site in accordance with the stipulations of this Law or failed to submit one annual report. Additionally, the developer pays 0.3% of the total turnover of the business entities in his zones. I think these are relatively reasonable terms. It will also not be that easy for the developer to do in the zone something other than what he undertook to do. Almost every substantial change requires a new approval. The law states: "Each change of a free zone shall be subject to the procedure for the establishment of a free zone … "Change" in this law shall mean: enlargement of the approved free zone site area; change in location of the free zone site; new activities are to be conducted in the approved free zone; each change in the composition of the developers (addition of new developer, change of corporate structure, take over, merger, acquisition, etc.) of the free zone; change of the period for existence of the free zone. Question: Still, inside the zone – the developer is king. Actually, it is a kind of ex-territorial area, like an embassy? Answer: I want to say it once and for all (because I heard this argument before): A free zone is NOT an ex-territorial area. It is an integral and inseparable part of Macedonia. All the domestic laws of Macedonia apply there. It simply has different rates of customs and taxes. The over-riding status of the Macedonian domestic law is stated numerous times throughout the law. One example: Article 20 says: "Free zone developers shall enact rules or pose conditions (hereunder referred to as "developer rules") under which their free zone site will be operated and activities conducted, regulate internal order and prescribe separate measures for protection of the working and living conditions and the environment. BUT… The developer rules shall not contradict all the applicable laws of the Republic of Macedonia, including their by-laws and regulations and all the international obligations of the Republic of Macedonia…. AND The developer rules shall be announced in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia after the approval given by the Free zone Directorate." Question: Aren't we offering too much by way of tax incentives? Aren't the revenues lost by the state worth more than the free zone will ever generate? Answer: It is a very narrow point of view. Tax revenues are not the only thing we should consider. What about unemployment, technology transfers, export enhancement? These are invaluable in that they can revive the economy. Compared to other free zones in other countries, we are offering mid-way concessions. We are by no means too generous. Additionally, to qualify to receive the tax incentives, the user must satisfy certain annual export quotas. It must prove that it generated NEW activities, not merely transferred activities from "mainland" Macedonia to the free zone "island". It must show that it is not involved in criminal activities or bankruptcy procedures and so on. Only then is it eligible to enjoy the tax incentives. Question: Which are? Answer: The law says it best: "Free zone users meeting the terms as in article 21 of this law shall be exempted from: Sales tax on products within the free zone site except for those products sold for final consumption within the free zone; Sales tax and VAT on goods imported into the free zone site for production purposes and for performing other approved activities in the free zone; Sales tax on services provided in the free zone immediately linked with export of goods and services; Profit tax for a period of ten (10) years from the day of commencement of activities in the free zone; Property tax for a period of ten (10) years from the day of commencement of activities in the free zone; All taxes otherwise applicable to any transfer of property or rights thereof between developers and users within the free zone. Free zone users reinvesting in the capital assets of the free zone site shall be entitled to a reduced profit tax base for the amounts invested after the expiration of the 10-year period. Free zone users shall be exempted from paying participations (contributions), taxes and other duties pertaining to use of land for construction, connection to the water supply, sewerage, heating, gas and power supply networks. Free zone land may be leased to foreign investors for a period of fifty (50) years, with a possibility to extend the term to another twenty-five (25) years, pursuant to the law. The developers of the free zone shall have the full right to sublet or rent parts of the free zones or structures thereon or rights thereof to the users." Question: Are the economic activities within the free zone restricted? Answer: Every type of economic activity is allowed EXCEPT the activities explicitly forbidden by the law. These include: the trading of decayed, rotten, expired or infected goods or waste material detrimental to the environment or not fit for human or animal consumption; radioactive materials except those which are needed for industrial, medical and scientific research purposes under a valid license from the competent authorities; drugs, chemicals and biological materials and chemical and biochemical derivatives with the exception of those used in industrial, manufacturing, medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations, according to certificates issued by the Ministry of Health; arms, munitions, weapons and military explosives; goods or services which originate from countries or firms subject to boycotts, embargoes or blockades imposed by the competent national and international organs and authorities; goods or services that violate public morals, public defence, public safety and the security of the state; goods or services that violate the domestic laws and international treaties pertaining to intellectual and commercial property; practices, services and activities in contravention or violation of treaties, laws, regulations and directives regarding the protection of the environment in Macedonia. Free zone users may apply standards, technical and quality norms of the destination country when manufacturing goods in the free zone intended for export. Free zone users may set prices for their goods and services and will not be subject to laws and regulations pertaining to prices in the Republic of Macedonia. Question: Will workers' rights be protected in such an environment? Answer: Workers' rights are protected only by a good economy. In Macedonia, we have a lot of theoretical workers' rights. But the right to work is violated by mass unemployment and by gigantic wage and pension arrears. All the employers in the free zone shall sign a collective agreement with their employees. The collective agreement will oblige the employers and the employees to settle labour dispute through arbitration or mediation. The Directorate shall set up a labour relations committee to provide the employers and the employees with an arbitration and mediation mechanism. Question: Thank you very much. Let's hope that free zones will fulfil all the expectations … Answer: I will settle for half the expectations … Thank you. vimax penis pill vigrx penis enlargement pills get vig rx cheapest penile enlargement pills manual penile enlargment free natural penile enlargment male penis enlargment magna rx picture testimonials

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Since the introduction of Rogaine in the early 1980's, androgenic mediated hair loss, or 'male pattern baldness' has been considered a treatable condition through the use of pharmaceutical preparations. The perception that over-the-counter and prescription drugs are the only means to successfully treat this type of hair loss is perpetuated by the lack of well-funded and publicized studies on the efficacy of natural treatments. However, as the understanding of the biological mechanism of male pattern baldness has become clear through a great body of research, the reality of an effective natural treatment regimen is at hand. After a review of the available natural products, some suggestions will be made for creating your own regimen for treating hair loss naturally. The overall cause of male pattern baldness is now well-known: this type of hair loss seen in about a third of the male population is mediated by the androgenic metabolite of testosterone known as dihydrotestosterone or DHT. The production of this now-infamous hormone increases later in life for many men, along with changes with the receptors for this hormone at the hair follicles. In general, the pertinent hair follicles shrink with continued exposure to the androgenic hormone, some forming only small, villus hairs, while others eventually die completely. Some sources claim these follicles are still getting an adequate blood supply, while others note a waxy buildup or scar-like tissue surrounding the follicles, preventing adequate nutrient delivery. Thus, the localized cause of hair loss, at the follicle level, is still being researched. This does not mean there has been success in discovery of natural hair loss remedies! The regrowth of hair due to androgenic-induced loss should be addressed on two fronts. First, the levels of DHT produced within the body (rather than topically) should be addressed, along with the binding of DHT at it's receptor sites. Second, hair growth should be stimulated topically with application of nutrients and/or DHT suppressors on the follicles themselves. Let's first address the suppression of DHT production and binding systemically (within the body). Prescription drugs such as Finasteride and Dutasteride are available which lower blood levels of DHT, and have been used to improve hair loss conditions. There are now several well-known natural, plant-based products which either reduce testosterone's conversion to DHT (via the 5-alpha-reductase enzyme system), block the binding of DHT to receptor sites, or both. Most common, and most important are Saw Palmetto Berry extract and Stinging Nettle Root extract. These to herbs work in combination to both block the conversion of testosterone to DHT and prevent it's binding to receptor sites in the scalp. Other herbs employed with similar functions include pygeum africanum and pumpkin seed oil, both used to bring into balance the testosterone/DHT ratio; lastly, the plant sterol Beta-Sitosterol is often used successfully to treat prostate enlargement, which has similar causes to male pattern baldness - whether it will support hair growth is not yet known, but it likely won't hurt!. Finally, getting an adequate supply of Zinc is also important in maintaining this hormonal balance. The entire androgen hormone regulation system is fairly complex; just remember these items: Saw Palmetto, Nettle Root (not leaf!), Pygeum, Zinc, and Beta-Sitosterol. By the way, if using a prostate formula for these nutrients, they should be taken in gel cap form - they are better absorbed this way than in plain powder, and hence more effective. In addition to these herbs, which are also commonly used around the world for blocking the creation and effects of DHT, Procyanidins, or Polyphenols, have been shown to inhibit DHT systemically, AND can stimulate hair growth when applied topically. These anti-oxidant compounds first became renown with the discovery of the amazing action of grape seed extract and it's powerful ability as a free-radical scavenger. More recently, Japanese researchers went through the effort of testing HUNDREDS of compounds in the laboratory for their effect on the stimulation of hair growth, and they found the compounds of grape seed extract grew hair at a greater rate than the pharmaceutical preparation Minixodil. With further testing, using variations of the polyphenols, they discovered those found in apple skin polyphenols to be even more effective, nearly twice effective as Rogaine. Further, with the addition of Forskolin, another herbal extract, the effect was even greater. Exciting news! The interesting thing is that these compounds actually stimulated the hair follicles to become active, whereas it seems Rogaine works by lowering blood pressure in the scalp, thereby increasing blood flow to the follicles. And these compounds did not produce an initial 'shedding' as Rogaine has been known to do. Ok, before we get to the good stuff - like how to create your own hair regrowth program, let's look at one more class of natural products - essential oils. Essential oils are powerful, aromatic compounds distilled from plants, with highly regarded medicinal properties, well beyond the effects of only their aromas. Rosemary essential oil has long been considered a 'hair tonic', more than likely because of it's ability to stimulate blood flow locally. A certain type of rosemary, known as rosemary verbenone, also contains compounds which influence skin regeneration. Recall the addition of Retin-A to the use of Rogaine? This was to stimulate the turnover of the skin, increasing the pace of the hair regrowth process. Other essential oils, such as Lavender, have an anti-inflammatory (inflammation is sometimes implicated in hair loss) and skin regenerating effects. Thyme and Cedarwood oils have also been studied, and the combination of these oils has been shown effective at hair growth stimulation in patients with alopecia areata. Given all this wonderful information, how does one combine them into an effective regimen? The best thing to do is keep it simple - the more simple it is, the more likely it is you'll stay with it for the several months it will take to see significant effects. So, for the systemic DHT suppression and inhibition, look at formulas either designed specifically for hair, or those for the support of the Prostate gland - they will contain almost the exact same ingredients. Look for a high-quality supplement, with standardized Saw Palmetto extract, Nettle Root extract, and Pygeum extract. Do not take the un-extracted herbs, they will not likely be strong enough in doses you are willing to consume. Saw Palmetto can be consumed in doses between 160 and 320mg daily, Nettle Root a bit more, and Pygeum significantly less. They should be in a gel cap, preferably in Pumpkin seed oil. Take a separate Beta Sitosterol supplement, around 400mg daily, if it is not included already. This is typically found in dry capsules, and there have not been reports of the importance of consuming this in an oil-based capsule, though you can take it with fatty food if you want to be sure (this may help the absorption). Add an oral supplement of Green Tea extract, Grape Seed extract, or Apple Polyphenol extract if you like, along with a good multivitamin. Now for the topical applications - the polyphenols can be mixed in water. Even better would be to find Nettle Root, grind it up and make a strong tea. To this, create a 1-3% solution by weight of the polyphenols in the liquid and apply twice daily (shake really well or use a blender). Grape seed extract is acceptable, though apple polyphenols would be best. They are hard to come by just yet, but are becoming more popular and available. A bulk supply is best, so you don't have to go opening capsules! A .5-1% addition of Forskolin herb extract can be made io increase effectiveness, but is not completely necessary. Applying right after a shower may make it easier to distribute the liquid on the scalp, and may also increase absorption. It is important to note that increasing the concentration beyond 1% for Grapeseed extract and 3% for Apple polyphenols extract is not advised - higher concentrations did not show increased efficacy - in fact, there may be an opposite effect. For the record, there are about 30 grams of water in one ounce; 1 gram of powder in this is just over a 3% solution. Finally, to this solution, a small amount of the Saw Palmetto blend from a ge lcap can be added - though the efficacy of this has not been noted in the literature. For the essential oils, use 1ml of each oil per one once of carrier oil (a blend of jojoba and grapeseed was used in the study showing hair regrowth in Scottland). Because this is isn't as attractive once applied, though you will smell nice, apply in the evening, before bed, between once a day and once every three days. Or apply during the day some time, massaging into the scalp, and leaving in for 20 minutes to an hour, then wash out. This will give enough time for the oils to penetrate the skin and have their effect. So there it is, the roundup of the more well-known and tested natural remedies for male pattern baldness. While Rogaine for growth stimulation, and Finasteride or Dutasteride for DHT inhibition are completely reasonable ways to go, their costs are high and the effects of their long term use are not well known. And then there are some folks that would prefer to stay away from chemically manufactured medicines altogether - hopefully this bit of information will help. There is much more research available on the internet, though hopefully this is enough information to get you confidently started. penis enlargement pic before and after manual pennis enlargement permanent pennis enlargement vimax results pennis enlargement pic enlargment penis pill vimax enlargment forum free matter penile size herbal penis elargement free penis enlagement

Erectile dysfunction (ED), sometimes referred to as impotence, is the repeated inability of a man to get or maintain an erection of penis firm enough for sexual intercourse. Today, ED has become a serious sexual health problem in men as it affects a person psychologically. Since being a very personal problem, a person suffering from Erectile dysfunction rarely come forward to talk it openly with health personnel, but nowadays, it is discussed openly and more men are coming forward to treat it. According to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey conducted in the U.S., for every 1,000 men 7.7 physician office visits were made for ED in 1985. By 1999, that rate had nearly tripled to 22.3. ED may be caused by various factors. Damage to nerves, arteries, smooth muscles, and fibrous tissues is the most common cause of ED. General diseases, like diabetes, kidney failure, alcoholism, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, vascular disease, and neurologic disease, are other major factors that causes ED. Psychological problems like depression, stress, financial crisis, performance failure anxiety, relationship conflicts are also accountable for ED. Apart from this, common medications for blood pressure, antihistamines, antidepressants, tranquilizers and appetite suppressants may bring ED as a side effect affecting men’s sexual health. Generally, ED is considered as a natural phenomenon which is associated with the process of bodily aging. But according to several clinical studies, men of any age can face this problem at some point of their sexual life. Most men feel embarrassed to take medication for this ailment but with the introduction of wonder medicine Sildenafil citrate or Viagra in 1990s, men have come forward to treat ED. ED is treatable at any age, and awareness of this fact has been growing. More men have been seeking help and returning to normal sexual activity because of improved, successful treatments for ED. Viagra belongs to a class of drugs called phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Taken an hour before sexual activity, these drugs work by enhancing the effects of nitric oxide, a chemical that relaxes smooth muscles in the penis during sexual stimulation and allows increased blood flow. The recommended dose for Viagra is 50 mg, and the physician may adjust this dose to 100 mg or 25 mg, depending on the patient. With the growth of electronic commerce, people can order Viagra or any other anti-ED drugs at the ease of the Internet. Buying Viagra online can protect the privacy of a buyer since online pharmacy is a convenient option. The drug can be delivered to your doorsteps confidentially. Moreover, there are numerous pharmaceutical companies offering generous discounts on price for those who buys Viagra online. So, if you are one suffering from ED and feel embarrassed to discuss it openly, do consult a doctor and get benefited buying cheap Viagra online. penis enlarement system do penis enhancement pills really work top rated pnis enlargement pills vimax cheapest penis enlargement pills penis elargement pump herbal penis enlagement vimax penis enlargement before and after safe penis enhancement free penis enlagement

Herbal breast enlargement is promoted as a non-surgical solution to increase breast size. It is a natural breast enlargement formula that promises fuller, firmer breasts with no adverse side effects. Herbal enlargement products are available in the form of pills that use one or more combinations of herbs and food plants. These various plant ingredients are in the form of naturally occurring non-hormonal plant estrogens, which have hormone like activity that stimulate a female body to produce new breast tissues. Herbal breast enlargement products contain ingredients that are obtained form herbs such as saw palmetto, fenugreek seed extract, wild yam, fennel seed, dong quai root, and dandelion root. During puberty, the female body naturally produces estrogens that help to develop new tissue that makes breasts grow. Based on this fact, manufacturers of herbal products have come up with natural herbs that contain high level of estrogens. For example, saw palmetto, wild yam, and fennel seed contain high levels of natural estrogens that the manufacturers claim promote the growth of breast tissue. Fenugreek is also recommended by naturopaths to promote the growth of breast tissues. Users claim that the use of herbal product has increased their breast size. The results can be seen after a couple of weeks, but this treatment may not necessarily be effective for every woman. The effectiveness differs from individual to individual depending upon the authenticity of the product, strict adherence to the schedule, individual metabolic rates, and the women’s body chemistry. Herbal breast enlargement provide hope for the women who want to increase their breast size without surgery. But how many the claims made by its manufacturers are true? There are no conclusive studies done to prove that these herbs work, nor are there many studies done to examine the risk and side effects of consuming herbal products. The claims of the companies of having conducted their own research has not been reported in any medical journal, thus putting a question mark on the authenticity of their claim. It is a known fact that excess exposure to hormones causes cancer. These herbal products contain estrogens that promotes hormone like activity. This may cause cancer if the products are taken at the recommended doses of the manufacturer. None of the herbal products have been evaluated or approved by FDA. The FDA and the Better Business Bureau have warned the customers to be alert about words and phrases such as, “miracle, secret remedy, breakthrough and clinical studies prove that…” that may be hard to back up with results. Though many of the manufacturers provide guarantee of results for their products, it is important for the customers to thoroughly search for factual information on the products and let the doctor know about the product before consuming it. Individuals who are allergic to herbal compounds must not use these products. penis enlargement pill pennis enlargement pic top rated pnis enlargement pills vimax penis enlargement supplement vigrx pill penis enlargement supplement natural pennis enlargement exercise free penis enlargment video free penis enlagement

What is Sore Throat? Almost everyone gets a sore throat at one time or another. Children tend to have them more often than adolescents or adults. Sore throats are most common during the winter months when upper respiratory infections (colds) are more frequent. Sore throat (pharyngitis) is a painful inflammation of the pharynx, which is the part of the throat that lies between the mouth and the larynx (voice box). Sore throat is often a symptom of various illnesses such as colds and flu, glandular fever, respiratory tract infections, tonsillitis, and chickenpox. While most sore throats heal without complications, in some cases, they develop into a serious illness. Causes of Sore Throat The major cause of sore throat is infection. Sore throat may be caused by either viral or bacterial infections. But it can also be caused by allergies and environmental conditions. Viral Sore Throat Approximately 90% of sore throats are caused by viral infections. There is no simple way to distinguish a viral sore throat from a bacterial sore throat. Viral sore throats are quite contagious. They can be spread by personal contact and by coughing or sneezing. Cold and flu viruses are the main culprits. When a stuffy-runny nose, sneezing, and generalized aches and pains accompany the sore throat, it is probably caused by virus. For a viral infection, no antibiotic is usually needed and the infection can be expected to run a four to six day course. Another group of viruses that cause sore throat are the adenoviruses. The adenoviruses usually cause infections of the lungs and ears. Adenoviruses may cause white bumps on the tonsils and throat, diarrhea, vomiting, and a rash. Sore throat caused by adenoviruse lasts about a week. One particular virus responsible for causing sore throat is the coxsackie virus. This virus causes a disease known as herpangina, which occurs most commonly among children under the age of ten and is most common during the summer. It is sometimes called summer sore throat. Summer sore throat can be quite severe. Symptoms include a high fever and the presence of tiny grayish-white blisters on the throat and mouth. The blisters erupt in a few days and are followed by a scab which may be very painful. Mononucleosis (mono) is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the herpesvirus group. This virus lodges in the lymph system, causing massive enlargement of the tonsils and swollen glands in the neck, armpits and groin. Mono can affect the liver, leading to jaundice (yellow skin and eyes). One of the main signs of mono is a sore throat that may last for 1 to 4 weeks. Mono is a severe illness in a teenager or young adult, but it is less severe in a child. Symptoms caused by mononucleosis can last for 4 weeks or more. Bacterial Sore Throat About 10% of all sore throats are caused by bacteria. The most common bacterial sore throat is caused by a bacterium called group A Streptococcus. This type of sore throat is called strep throat. The pain of strep throat often feels much like sore throats caused by other bacteria or by viruses. The tonsils often swell and become coated and the throat is sore. The patient may have a high temperature, sour breath and may feel quite ill. If strep throat isn't treated it can sometimes result in rheumatic fever, which can damage the valves of the heart. The most dangerous throat infection is epiglottitis, caused by bacteria that infect a portion of the larynx (voice box) and cause swelling that closes the airway. This infection is an emergency condition that requires prompt medical attention. Suspect it when swallowing is extremely painful (causing drooling), when speech is muffled and when breathing becomes difficult. Noninfectious Sore Throat Not all sore throats result from viral or bacterial infections. Sore throats can also be caused by allergies and environmental irritation. These forms of sore throat are not contagious. Allergy: The same pet dander, molds and pollens that trigger allergic reactions such as red, swollen eyes and a runny nose can also cause a sore throat. Cat and dog danders and house dust are common causes of sore throats for people with allergies to them. Irritation: Many materials in the environment can also irritate the pharynx. Such irritants include cigarette smoke, polluted air, chemical fumes, and dry air. During the cold winter months, dry heat may create a recurring, mild sore throat with a parched feeling, especially in the mornings. Symptoms of Sore Throat The symptoms for a sore throat caused by both bacterial and viral causes are the same: pain in the throat pain and difficulty in swallowing red throat swollen tonsils coated tonsils swollen neck glands pus covering the throat or white spots coughing fever If the sore throat is due to a viral infection the symptoms are usually milder. Sore Throat Treatment The treatment of sore throat will vary according to the cause. Sore throats are usually mild and can be treated at home with over-the-counter remedies available from your local pharmacy. They usually get better on their own, in 3-7 days. It is extra rare for antibiotics to be needed. This is only the case when the sore throat is the result of a serious bacterial infection. Sore throat treatment and comfort measures: Strep throat requires antibiotics. Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether the cause is viral or bacterial, so antibiotics may be prescribed as a precaution. Pain relievers - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, (such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen) are often more effective pain relievers than acetaminophen (Tylenol). These medications reduce pain and fever that accompany a sore throat. Children should not be given aspirin because of the risk of Reye's syndrome. Salt water gargle can be a good way to relieve a sore throat. It help soothe the irritated throat and reduces swelling in the tissues. This is the safest, least expensive and probably the most effective treatment of a sore throat. Use over-the-counter throat lozenges every couple of hours or hard candy. It can help relieve sore throat and cough. It does stimulate saliva production, which bathes and cleanses your throat. Drinking enough fluids is very important, warm drinks may be especially soothing. Avoid caffeine because it can cause water loss. Get plenty of rest. Getting extra sleep can promote more rapid recovery, especially if a virus is the cause. Avoid smoking or being around smoke and other throat irritants. Humidify the air. Adding moisture to the air prevents your mucous membranes from drying out. This can reduce irritation and make it easier to sleep. Hot, dry air will aggravate sore throat. Take a high-potency multivitamin and the herb echinacea to build up your immune system.